Introduction: The Foundation of Marian Dogmas

The Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church—Mother of God (Theotokos), Perpetual Virginity, Immaculate Conception, and Assumption—are essential to understanding Mary’s role and safeguarding Christological truths. These dogmas are firmly rooted in Scripture, reinforced by the early Church Fathers, and defined through centuries of theological reflection. Each dogma underscores Mary’s unique participation in the mystery of salvation, with Christ as its focal point.

This article will present:

  1. Scriptural evidence for the dogmas.
  2. Testimonies from the early Church.
  3. Historical developments and theological clarifications.
  4. Refutations of objections raised by critics.

Part 1: Mary, Mother of God (Theotokos)

Biblical Foundations

The title "Mother of God" (Theotokos) defends the Incarnation: in Jesus, divine and human natures are united in one Person. Denying Mary this title risks heretical views of Christology. Consider the following scriptural support:

  1. Luke 1:43: Elizabeth, filled with the Holy Spirit, exclaims, “Why is this granted to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?” The term Kyrios (Lord) signifies divinity, affirming Mary as the mother of God incarnate.
  2. Galatians 4:4: St. Paul declares, “God sent forth his Son, born of woman.” This statement unites Jesus’ divine nature with His humanity through Mary.
  3. John 1:14: “The Word became flesh and dwelt among us.” The eternal Word, God Himself, took on flesh through Mary.
  4. Isaiah 9:6: “For to us a child is born... his name shall be called Mighty God.” The child born of Mary is God, confirming her as Theotokos.
  5. Matthew 1:23: “Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel (God with us).” This fulfillment of prophecy establishes that Mary bore God Himself.

The Council of Ephesus (431 AD)

The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorius, who denied Mary the title Theotokos by claiming she bore only Christ’s human nature. The Council asserted:

"If anyone does not confess that Emmanuel is truly God, and therefore that the holy Virgin is the Mother of God (Theotokos), let him be anathema."

(Council of Ephesus, Anathema I)