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The Quartodeciman (Passover) Controversy is often misinterpreted by groups like the World Mission Society Church of God (WMSCOG) to suggest that early Christians universally observed Jewish feasts, such as Passover, under the New Covenant at the same times as Jews. However, historical evidence indicates that Quartodecimanism was a local tradition in Asia Minor, not a universal or binding teaching handed down by all the apostles. The controversy further underscores the primacy of the Roman Church and its role in safeguarding Christian unity and doctrine.

What Was Quartodecimanism?

Quartodecimanism was the practice of celebrating Christ’s death on the 14th of Nisan (the date of the Jewish Passover) according to the Jewish calendar, irrespective of the day of the week. This practice was primarily observed in Asia Minor, particularly by Christians who claimed to follow the traditions of John the Apostle and Polycarp. In contrast, other churches, including those in Rome and the West, celebrated the Paschal feast on the Sunday following the 14th of Nisan, emphasizing the Resurrection of Christ.

Early Churches Established

Chapter 1. The Parts of the World in which the Apostles preached Christ.

  1. Such was the condition of the Jews. Meanwhile the holy apostles and disciples of our Saviour were dispersed throughout the world. Parthia, according to tradition, was allotted to Thomas as his field of labor, Scythia to Andrew, and Asia to John, who, after he had lived some time there, died at Ephesus.
  1. Peter appears to have preached in Pontus, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Asia to the Jews of the dispersion. And at last, having come to Rome, he was crucified head-downwards; for he had requested that he might suffer in this way. What do we need to say concerning Paul, who preached the Gospel of Christ from Jerusalem to Illyricum, and afterwards suffered martyrdom in Rome under Nero? These facts are related by Origen in the third volume of his Commentary on Genesis.

First Passover Controversy (c. 155 AD)

Background

The First Passover Controversy arose due to differing practices regarding the Paschal Feast—the commemoration of Christ’s Passion, Death, and Resurrection. The dispute centered primarily between the churches in Asia Minor and those in Rome:

Polycarp’s Meeting with Pope Anicetus

The controversy led Polycarp of Smyrna, a disciple of John the Apostle, to travel to Rome to meet with Pope Anicetus. Each side defended the tradition they had received:

“When the blessed Polycarp was at Rome in the time of Anicetus, and they disagreed a little about certain other things, they immediately made peace with one another, not caring to quarrel over this matter.

For neither could Anicetus persuade Polycarp not to observe what he had always observed with John, the disciple of our Lord, and with the other apostles with whom he had associated; nor did Polycarp persuade Anicetus to observe it, as he said that he ought to follow the customs of the elders before him.

And under these circumstances they communed with each other, and in the church Anicetus yielded the Eucharist to Polycarp, manifestly as a mark of respect.

And they parted from each other in peace, maintaining peace with the whole Church, both those who observed the custom of fasting and those who did not.”

(Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 5, Chapter 24)

Resolution

Despite their disagreement, Polycarp and Anicetus resolved the matter peacefully, maintaining unity within the Church: